Question .. Marine scince Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9000 words

Question .. Marine scince - Essay Example 2 Figure 2: The eight bearings of successful yacht management 3 Figure 3: Captain’s Standing Orders, Ship’s Standing Orders, and the Daily Orders - the three important administrative tools for a large motor yacht. 5 Figure 4: The five-fold objectives for the master of the vessel 12 Figure 5: The four-fold objectives of a crisis management team 14 Figure 6: The five conditions for entitlement of GA 23 Figure 7: Three important objectives from the cargo owner's point of view 28 Figure 8: Methodology for computation of loss of income 36 Photo credit Cover page URL: http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Safety/FireProtection/PublishingImages/fire.jpg Section 1: Maintaining Yacht Operational Standards Case brief As the Ship/Yacht Manager of EITHER a 25,000 tonne merchant ship OR a 2,900 tonne motor yacht review the mechanisms by which you would ensure that your operational standards are maintained on board your vessel. Your answer should include but not be limited to:   ship/yacht ma nagement;   organisational structure;   consideration of routine and emergency operations.   1.1 Yacht management, organisation

The Nhs Quality Standards Health And Social Care Essay

The Nhs Quality Standards Health And Social Care Essay The Quality Standards for Health and Social Care set out the standards that people can expect from Health and Personal Social Services (HPSS). In developing these standards, this report aims to discuss the quality of services and to improve the health and social wellbeing of the people of UK. (Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety, March 2006). At the heart of these standards are key service user and carer values including dignity, respect, independence, rights, choice and safety. The recent NHS Next Stage Review (England, 2008) outlined a number of initiatives designed to improve the measurement and monitoring of quality within the NHS. In the other UK countries, despite a reduced focus on market mechanisms to incentivise quality, data which helps others understand the patient experience and the quality of care delivered by the multidisciplinary team still remains an important theme. (RCN position statement, Publication no: 003 535, 2010). The measurement and communication of health and social care quality therefore requires assessment of key and consensual variables that reflect the breadth and complexity of health care. Engaging with multiple stakeholders to identify core elements of health and social care quality is essential to this process (See Figure 1) (Soane DM and Silber JH 2003). Figure-1 Health Care Environment Setting System Regulation. What is Quality? The quality of technical care consists in the application of medical science and technology in a way that maximizes its benefits to health without correspondingly increasing its risks. The degree of quality is, therefore, the extent to which the care provided is expected to achieve the most favourable balance of risks and benefits (Avedis Donabedian, M.D., 1980). As matter of fact, one cannot assure of guarantee quality only increase the probability that care good, or better because quality cant be guaranteed, many my-self included have criticized the term assurance. (A.Donabedian R. Bashshur, 2003). Quality is an umbrella for continuous staff and organization development using new methods, an equal emphasis on specification and measurement as an attitudes and relationships. It also building on good practices as well as introducing new procedure raising satisfaction at the same time reducing costs and increasing productivity. (J.Ovretveit, 1992). Definition of quality is different from many others according to Maxwell (1984), accessibility, relevance to need, equity, social acceptability, efficiency and effectiveness. But here is something missed which is central to the quality which is customers responsiveness and what customers want. Fully meeting customer requirements or the totality of futures and characteristics stated of implied needs (BSI, 1990). The most comprehensive and perhaps the simplest definition of quality is that used by advocates of total quality management doing the right thing right, right away.(Quality Assurance Project, Lori DiPrete Brown, 2010). Quality is proper performance (according to standards) of interventions that are known to be safe, that are affordable to the society in question, and that have the ability to produce an impact on mortality, morbidity, disability, and malnutrition. -M.I. Roemer and C. Montoya Aguilar, WHO, 1988 According to Roemer, M.I., (1998) the most comprehensive and conceivably the simplest definition of quality is that used by advocates of total quality management: .Doing the right thing right, right away. Quality frame Work: As health and social care quality is, by necessity, a multi-factorial and broad ranging concept, the definition, measurement and communication of quality in health and social care should involve multiple stakeholders. (RCN position statement, 2010). In health care, quality assurance has been meant to apply predominantly, or even exclusively to health and social care practitioner (A.Donabedian, 2003). However discrepant views between the different stakeholders, ranging from service users (the public, patients and carers) to service providers (nurses, allied health professionals and clinicians) and commissioners of health and social care, exist with regards to the definition and prioritisation of quality issues (Leatherman and Sutherland, 2008, Campbell et al., 2002). Many authorities and organisations in the UK and elsewhere have chosen to adopt an off the shelf performance improvement model or tool in order to help them manage strategically and deliver against the national modernisat ion agenda. (Review of Performance Improvement Models and Tools, 2006). These are the Investor in People, ISO9001:2000 quality system and Practical Quality Assurance System for Small Organisations (PQASSO) etc. On the other hand there are many other approaches and tools available on the market and the choice which to use can be a difficult one. Investor in People: Over 34,000 UK organisations are recognised as Investors in People employing around 27% of the UK workforce. Investors in People provide a straightforward, proven framework for delivering business improvement through people. 73% of Captains of Industry working with recognised Investors in People organisations believe that working with the framework leads to increased productivity.  79% of employers recognised with the Investors in People Standard say it helps all types of organisations adapt to change and growth'(Ipsos Mori Tracking study 2008). Figure: The Investors in People Standard There are three principles of Investor in People to which an organisations key indicators and to work towards have donate to and It is the reflects of business planning cycle (plan, do, review) for following and implement in their own planning cycle structure it obvious for organisations .The structure is based on three main principles: Plan -development to improve the performance of the organisation. Do -to improve the performance of the organisation they take necessary step/action. Review assess the impact of its investment in people on the performance of the organisation. Organisations perform better when their employees have clear goals and are supported by human resource (HR) practices Investors in People recognised organisations have greater human capital flexibility. This denotes to alter their behaviour, to cope with changing workplace circumstances or practices in practice are employees in Investors in People organisations are more capable. Including doing poles apart jobs and acclimatizing to new ways of working with the Investors in People Standard has a positive contact on novelty of a greater willingness to gain new skills. People acknowledgment is more expected to have high levels of service and product innovation effectual communication has a straight and positive result on profitability of Organisations that have Investors. By the learning to have a positive effect on communication inside an organisation and therefore a collision on profitability, assessed by profit margin and profit per employee is shown for Investors in People standing. (Institute for Employment Studies, 2008). The whole process is driven by your needs as a customer. Investors in People specialist will establish with organisational priorities and goals are at the start and then identify the most relevant parts of the framework for your organisation and its particular needs. Through the assessment process Investors in People specialist will provide feedback and advice on the areas of achievement and where there is room for development and Continual support which is personal, practical and flexible in the form of visits, online tools such as the business improvement tool IIP Interactive. Relationship with the Investors in People specialist is enhanced and their input is even more consultative (IIP, 2010). ISO9001:2000 quality system: ISO 9001:2000 is the global standard and come up for quality management systems. The standard mainly focuses on the management of processes and documentation work in order to meet customers needs and expectations. The standard originated in the UK in 1976 as BS 5750. It later evolved to ISO9001 and was revised in 2000 to ISO9001:2000. The nature and reduced documentation requirements of the latest edition of the standard have significantly increased its applicability to the public sector. (ISO: 9000, 2010) The technical committee (TC) 176 developed a series of international standards for quality systems, which were first published in 1987. The standards (ISO 9000.9001, and 9004) were intended to be advisory and were developed for use in two-party contractual situation and internal auditing. However with their adoption by the European community (EC) and a worldwide emphasis on quality and economic competitiveness, the standards have become universally accepted (Besterfield, D. H. 2007). ISO 9001:2000 Quality management systems (QMS)- requirements in the standard used for registration by demonstrating conformity of the QMS to customers, regulatory, and the organizations own requirements (Besterfield, D. H. 2007). The mark is a public demonstration that the organisations quality system has been assessed and is internationally recognised. Once an organisation has gained ISO9001:2000 status it will be visited at regular intervals each year to ensure the standard is maintained. Practical Quality Assurance System for Small Organisations (PQASSO): Practical Quality Assurance System for Small Organisations (PQASSO) is an off-the-shelf quality assurance system. It was first developed in 1997, which offers a practical step-by-step and designed specifically for use within voluntary and community sector organisations to improve the way organization runs and to help them to improve the quality of their services (PQASSO 3rd edition 2008). It provides a stage approach to working out what an organisation is doing well and what could be improved and approach to implementing 3 qualities through levels of achievement'(Proveandimprove 2010). Practical Quality Assurance System for Small Organisations (PQASSO) is a quality assurance system that was produced by the Charities Evaluation Service (CES) specifically for small and medium sized voluntary and community sector organisations (PMMI 2006). It aims to help organisations to set priorities for the future to improve their performance. Charities Evaluation Services (CES) has also designed a CD-ROM to complement the work pack and make the self-assessment process more manageable. PQASSO covers twelve standard quality areas, which organisations should address in order to operate efficiently and achieve good results. The twelve areas are: Planning for quality Governance 3. Management 4. User-centred service 5. Staff and volunteers 6. Training and development 7. Managing money 8. Managing resources 9. Managing activities 10. Networking and partnerships 11. Monitoring and evaluation 12. Results Practical Quality Assurance System for Small Organisations (PQASSO) is currently a self assessment tool although the CES are looking at building peer review into the approach. The system is very flexible and is designed to be worked through over a period of time anything from 12 months to several years. Its focuses strongly outcomes, and helps you to measure the differences to any organization and users that come about by planning and implementing improvements. Organization also can choose to work towards the externally assessed PQASSO quality mark. Especially any small or medium-sized organisation without any paid members of staff or organisations with one or two members of staff can use Quality First. The PQASSO quality mark validates an organizations progress made through self assessment, and it will be cost between  £1,055 to  £1,200 depending on the size of your organization [Islington Voluntary Action Council (IVAC), 2010]. It is a good starting point for organisations tha t are unfamiliar with quality tools. According to Paton (2003), suggests that organizations which allow plenty of time to engage properly in the PQASSO process are more likely to gain significant organisational benefits. However research conducted by Aston Business School (2004) advises funders of the critical importance of allowing and encouraging VCOs to make informed choices about quality systems. Health and Social care Quality standard in UK: In the UK governments White Paper A First class service: Quality in the NHS clinical governance is defined as a framework through which NHS organizations are accountable for continuously improving the quality of their services safeguarding high standards of care by creating an environment in which excellence in clinical care flourish (DoH, 1998). There are numerous concepts and theories associated with ever-increasing base of knowledge on the subject of quality assurance, so much so that it was difficult to choose which to develop. There are many definitions of the term quality assurance written by people who have researched the subject thoroughly (Diana N.T. Sale 2000). Quality assurance is the measurement of the actual level of the service provided plus the efforts to modify when necessary the provision of these service in the light of the results of the measurement (Williamson, 1979). In Britain, the 1990 government NHS reform put quality on the agenda for the first time (DoH 1989). A standard is a level of quality against which performance can be measured. It can be described as essential- the absolute minimum to ensure safe and effective practice, or developmental, designed to encourage and support a move to better practice. The Quality Standards for Health and Social Care, which is contained in this document, is classed as essential. Given the rapidly changing environment in which the HPSS operates, it is important that standards do not become outdated or serve to stifle innovation. To prevent this, standards need to be regularly reviewed and updated. It will be the Departments responsibility, drawing on the best evidence available, including advice, reports and/or information from the Regulation and Quality Improvement Authority (RQIA), to keep the quality standards under consideration, with a formal review being completed by the end of 2008. In recent years under the rubric of total quality management it has become popular to include in the idea of quality assurance almost every function or activity a health care organization (A.Donabedian, 2003). It is reasonable to say that the quality of the environment of health care, including the managerial activities in it, have an influence of the quality of care- either directly, by influencing the performance of practitioner or indirectly, by influencing the convenience, comfort, or safety patients(Berwick, D.M., 1989). Conclusion: Some believe that quality in health care is too abstract and nebulous a concept to precisely defined or objectively measured and one cannot assure or guarantee quality. One only increases probability that will be good or better (A.Donabedian, 2003). Quality cannot be guaranteed, many, included myself, it criticized the term assurance. It suggested alternatives have been improvement or, better still continuous improvement, terms meant to remind us that no given level of quality can be fully satisfactory; one should always try to do even better, progressing to ever higher level of goodness (Berwick, D. 1989). Quality if care is the responsibility of everyone involved in health care and it has never been more important than it is today. Setting and monitoring standards of care and quality assurance are separate issues, although they are sometimes discussed as though they are same (Diana N.T. Sale 2000 p.34-38). Standard must be evidence based and dynamic always moving, always changing to ensure or improve the quality of patient care rather than just a paper exercise.

Essay --

InterContinental Hotels Group PLC (IHG) Holiday Inn Chris Elder Baker College Holiday Inn (IHG) Holiday Inn purpose of business InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG) was created in 2003 from which the Holiday Inn brand is overseen. Holiday Inn’s are located world wide in 100 countries with over 4,600 hotels (IHG, 2014). Holiday Inn provides a service to their over 100 million guest nights each year customers and currently have over 47 million members enrolled in the IHG rewards club and rank â€Å"highest in satisfaction† in their category (IHG, 2014). IHG can be found on the stock market and has publicly offered stock since 1967. In 2013 IHG showed a net income of $237.99 million and is currently a profit operating company (Market watch, 2014). In 2013 over 67% of gross sales were conducted electronically through IHG web sites and affiliates (IHG, 2014). History of Holiday Inn In 1952 the first Holiday Inn was built by Kemmons Wilson and was located just outside of Memphis Tennessee (Orrill, 2014). Customers knew exactly what to expect when arriving at Holiday Inn because each included the same features and amenities. Inspired by a 1951 road trip Wilson pictured a chain of affordable fresh lodging along major freeway exits (Orrill, 2014). Wilson’s first hotel had 120 rooms. Each hotel room had television, air condition and telephone. Each hotel had an outdoor swimming pool and children under 12 stayed free (Orrill, 2014). In 1956 a $76 billion highway development offered Wilson the opportunity to expand (Orrill, 2014). Wilson recruited investors in 1953 and began offering stock publicly in 1967 for the chains ongoing expansion (Orrill, 2014). In 1967 Wilson opened his first European hotel and was the first hotel chain to surpa... ...the government requirements of the US Sarbanes-Oxley Act and rules of the NYSE and are also applicable to it as a foreign private issuer (NYSE, 2014). Since IHG is a foreign private issuer it is required to disclose any important ways in which IHG’s corporate practices are different from those of the US companies (NYSE, 2014). These are as follows: Basis of regulation, independent directors, chairman and chief executive officer, committees, non-executive director meetings, shareholder approval of equity compensation plans, code of conduct and compliance certification (NYSE, 2014). Each year all Chief Executives of any US company must confirm to the NYSE that he or she is not aware of any violations by their company with regards to NYSE corporate governance listing standards (NYSE, 2014). These standards in the most part drive business decisions within the company.

Performance Review Meeting Essay

What you have learnt from preparing for and carrying out the review I learnt how to set the meeting out, use the correct body language and how you should handle sensitive issues. It also helped me to understand motivation and focusing on strengths and weaknesses of employees and how to communicate effectively and stay in control of a situation. Overall I felt that the preparation leading up to the meeting helped in all of these areas. Studying the theories of Herzberg and Maslow helped me to understand that key areas of motivation and how to incorporate key management skills in order to get the best performance from an employee. Through watching performance management films also during the preparation process, this helped me to focus on my body language throughout the meeting and ensure that I am being perceived in a positive manner and agreeing targets on equal ground not by being too controlling of the situation and forcing decisions upon the individual. What you have learnt from the feedback you have received from your tutor and the individual whom you reviewed I have learnt that I need to ensure to take notes during the meeting. This is especially important when discussing performance plans and setting agreements. This would help me to remember after the meeting what was said so that I could write up a formal development plan for the employee but ensure that all information taken is accurate and that no details are missed. I need to also ensure that I talk slowly and clearly. It was fed back that I talked fairly quickly throughout the meeting, this may have been down to nerves because of the situation, however I need to ensure I remain focused on the task in hand and not what is going on around me to calm my nerves and ensure the employee understands fully the feedback that I am given. Overall I felt the meeting went well. I had good feedback and my body language was portrayed well. I felt I had prepared well and knew what to ask and how to approach the subject of the individual underperforming. I managed to negotiate clear targets for the individual of which we agreed by both parties and motivate the employee by also focusing on past high points as opposed to just focusing on the fact they have not met their targets. How this activity can help you at work I will take the knowledge which I have gained through completing this section into my workplace. I will be able to influence my capabilities through conducting meetings and speaking with employees on a daily basis.

Department store Essay

When we want to buy something, we go shopping. There are many kinds of shops in every town or city. Most people prefer to do their shopping at big department stores and supermarkets. Department stores offer a wide range of articles under one roof. Therefore, a customer can purchase all his requirements from a particular place. As a result, the time and labour of customers are saved because they need not go from shop to shop for purchasing different kinds of goods. Departmental store also offers a number of facilities and services like free home delivery, telephone orders, liberal exchange, etc. with courtesy and fair treatment. Sometimes they even offer to open a current account and buy something on credit. But you must think clearly before get into debt, may be you don’t actually need that and to cut down on such luxuries. What about placing a telephone order, it is better than online shopping, because you can go in the department store and touch everything you want to buy and decide if it is good value for money or truly fit for purpose and then order it by telephone or just reserve it. The availability of such services acts as a special attraction to customers. Also many owners want to limelight the customers with the help of their staff. So they introduce a kind of dress code. Sometimes the executives want their employees wear a special uniform, but usually they only forbid their people to wear revealing and light clothes, stiletto heels and order them to be well-groomed and on no account sloppy. What is more, the owners want their staff to be credible and polite with their clients. It is the first step to success! Furthermore, a departmental store is generally located in the heart of the city. Hence, many people visit such stores and make their purchases. Gradually, such stores develop a reputation of their own, by selling quality goods at centrally located areas and busy centres. This attracts a large number of customers. Departmental stores offer a stunning range of goods at different price levels. They also keep a variety of designs, colours, styles, etc. For example, you can buy designer label clothes from glossy magazines, which have been launched in new collections of famous designers and have already hit the high street. This is the proposal for someone who is interested in  high-street fashion and fashion victims. But also there are a lot of hugely popular clothes and other things for everybody! It enables the customers to make a better selection from a wide variety. The department stores generally purchase in bulk quantities. For that, they receive discounts and commissions. Such stores purchase directly from the manufacturer and hence avoid middlemen and so als o their commission. As a result, departmental stores are able to sell products, at prices lesser than other retailers. Thus, economies of large scale buying are transferred to the customers in the form of low prices. Speaking about less pleasant facts, we should speak about complaints and repayments. If you haven’t been provided an excellent service or your purchase turned out to be poor quality, you have all grounds for complaint and all these complaints should be taken seriously and handled promptly. Also let’s imagine such situation: you have bought the shoes, but after trying them at home you’ve realized them to be excruciatingly uncomfortable. Don’t give up, you will be right to return these shoes during 2 weeks and demand a full refund. All in all, nowadays the department stores are becoming more popular s where people can reserve time and find a necessary good. Due to the wide range of goods offered and various facilities provided by the departmental stores, they are able to make large volume of sales. It is really favorably to do shopping at the department stores i n order to save you money.

Katrinas Wrath

Katrinas Wrath Angel Leaumoana Leaumoana 1 English 1C Sec-# 6516 09-12-2008 Angel Leaumoana Leaumoana 1 English 1C Sec-# 6516 09-12-2008Katrina's WrathWith winds blowing a staggering 175 mph, the world watched as Katrina swept New Orleans with its fierce reputation. The hurricane that cost many lives in New Orleans and further down to others states proved the United States was not prepared for this invasion. The Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest in the history of the United States (Effects of Hurricane Katrina). The aftermath of this bloodbath storm turned the United States into a nation from views of a Third World Nation. This affect which was taken from photograph of top photographers showed people being left behind on top of their roofs. The atrocity of Hurricane Katrina left our nation unprepared and the photographs of these photographers reveal a state of unawareness which will eventually assist our nation from oncoming disasters.Flooded I-10/I-610 interchange and surrounding are...

Papermaking essays

Papermaking essays In order for a tree to be converted into the sheet of paper, like the one you are reading this essay on, it must go through many processes before the consumer receives the final product. Selected trees, which range from twenty to forty feet, are harvested with all of the tops and branches left in the woods. The logs are then transported to the mill on special trucks called, ironically enough, logging trucks. These trucks can carry up to fifty logs at once. When the truck enters the mill it is directed to an area where the logs will be unloaded with a crane with a special scissor attachment. This crane can remove all fifty logs at one time, its that big. This same crane is also utilized to transport the logs to a big blue building called the Wood Room. In the Wood Room, the logs will be de-barked and reduced to wood chips the size of a dollar bill. The wood chips are then sent to another building called the Pulp Mill via a conveyor system. In the Pulp Mill a very caustic solution is added to the wood chips where they will be cooked and reduced to light brown fiber slurry, about the color of a grocery bag. The slurry is then piped to another building called the Bleach Plant. At the Bleach plant the slurry is treated with a chlorine product one hundred times stronger than normal household bleach. Even with such a potent process, the slurry must still be treated yet again before it can become white enough for common copy paper. This process happens in an area of the Paper Mill called the Beater Room or Color Room. Both names refer to the same area for good reason. The slurry is then colored white, or any other color for that reason. After all of the coloring other special additives such as starch, salt, and calcium carbonate, which keeps ink from bleeding through a sheet of paper. The slurry is then beaten or mixed with water in huge vats, which can hold up to four thousand gallon ...

Eastern North American Neolithic

Eastern North American Neolithic Archaeological evidence shows that eastern North America (often abbreviated ENA) was a separate place of origin for the invention of agriculture. The earliest evidence of low-level food production in ENA begins between about 4000 and 3500 years ago, during the period known as the Late Archaic. People entering the Americas brought with them two domesticates: the dog and the bottle gourd. Domestication of new plants in ENA began with the squash Cucurbita pepo ssp. ovifera, domesticated ~4000 years ago by Archaic hunter-gatherer-fishers, probably for its use (like the bottle gourd) as a container and fishnet float. Seeds of this squash are edible, but the rind is quite bitter. Read more about Cucurbita pepoRead more about the American Archaic Food Crops in Eastern North America The first food crops domesticated by the Archaic hunter-gatherers were oily and starchy seeds, most of which are considered weeds today. Iva annua (known as marshelder or sumpweed) and Helianthus annuus (sunflower) were domesticated in ENA by about 3500 years ago, for their oil-rich seeds. Read more about sunflower domestication Chenopodium berlandieri (chenopod or goosefoot) is reckoned to have been domesticated in Eastern North America by ~3000 BP, based on its thinner seed coats. By 2000 years ago, Polygonum erectum (knotweed), Phalaris caroliniana (maygrass), and Hordeum pusillum (little barley), Amaranthus hypochondriacus (pigweed or amaranth) and perhaps Ambrosia trifida (giant ragweed), were likely cultivated by Archaic hunter-gatherers; but scholars are somewhat divided as to whether they were domesticated or not. Wild rice (Zizania palustris) and Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) were exploited but apparently not domsticated prehistorically. Read more about chenopodium Cultivating Seed Plants Archaeologists believe that seed plants may have been cultivated by collecting the seeds and using the maslin technique, that is to say, by storing the seeds and mixing them together before broadcasting them onto a suitable patch of ground, such as a floodplain terrace. Maygrass and little barley ripen in spring; chenopodium and knotweed ripen in fall. By mixing these seeds together and sprinkling them on fertile ground, the farmer would have a patch where seeds could reliably be harvested for three seasons. The domestication would have occurred when the cultivators began selecting the chenopodium seeds with the thinnest seed covers to save and replant. By the Middle Woodland period, domesticated crops such as maize (Zea mays) (~800-900 AD) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) (~1200 AD) arrived in ENA from their central American homelands  and were integrated into what archaeologists have termed the Eastern Agricultural Complex. These crops would have been planted in large separate fields or intercropped, as part of the three sisters or mixed cropping agricultural technique. Read more about maizeRead more about the Three SistersRead more about the ​Eastern Agricultural Complex Important ENA Archaeological Sites Kentucky: Newt Kash, Cloudsplitter, Salts CaveAlabama: Russell CaveIllinois: Riverton, American Bottom sitesMissouri: Gypsy JointOhio: Ash CaveArkansas: Edens Bluff, Whitney Bluff, Holman ShelterMississippi: Natchez Sources Fritz GJ. 1984. Identification of Cultigen Amaranth and Chenopod from Rockshelter Sites in Northwest Arkansas. American Antiquity 49(3):558-572. Fritz, Gayle J. Multiple pathways to farming in precontact eastern North America. Journal of World Prehistory, Volume 4, Issue 4, December 1990. Gremillion KJ. 2004. Seed Processing and the Origins of Food Production in Eastern North America. American Antiquity 69(2):215-234. Pickersgill B. 2007. Domestication of Plants in the Americas: Insights from Mendelian and Molecular Genetics. Annals of Botany 100(5):925-940. Open Access. Price TD. 2009. Ancient farming in eastern North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(16):6427-6428. Scarry, C. Margaret. Crop Husbandry Practices in North America’s Eastern Woodlands. Case Studies in Environmental Archaeology, SpringerLink. Smith BD. 2007. Niche construction and the behavioral context of plant and animal domestication. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 16(5):188-199. Smith BD, and Yarnell RA. 2009. Initial formation of an indigenous crop complex in eastern North America at 3800 B.P. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(16):561–6566.

Reasons for project failure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reasons for project failure - Essay Example If there are loopholes in this stage it would result in getting the job done really worse. Clients are not aware of the fact that system development methods are evolving and technology is changing too at the same pace. The evolvement of the factors makes the development methods to take into account greater risk handling mechanisms and greater strength in identifying the methods and better exploitation of technology in the modeling of business processes (Casey, 2005). Another important aspect is that the client is often not able to understand the complexity of the system development processes which in itself is a great process to build the information system in stages. If the client keeps on adding requirements it gets quite difficult for the development team to analyze the requirements and put them in the right placeholder. Taking care of the ever addition of requirements by the client takes a lot of time and may result in project failure or slipping of the project schedule. The relation between the level of thoughts between the stakeholders and the technical design experts must flow in the same direction so that they are able to interpret the business scenario much better. The involvement of domain experts would be a great idea for success. The technical base of the software vendors must be considerably high in nature so that everything the technology can do must be well known in advance to envelope greater depth of the involvement of business functions. The lack of human technical and domain expertise would make the analysis of the business case quite imperfect in nature and there would be not much correlation among the contiguous stages in the project. Lack of domain expertise would make the information system design deficient of identifying the business side of the system project and its correct representation of the ideas and concepts would fail to mature at the technical front. Planning forms the

Underground economic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Underground economic - Assignment Example For example, nobody will admit that they are in drug business or how much money they make in the illegal trade causing the method to be inaccurate due to the inaccurate information supplied by the respondents. b. Discrepancies in official statistics – estimate of underground economy can also be done by comparing the statistics in national accounting. Ideally, total income must be equal to total final expenditures. If there is an excess of expenditures over incomes, this indicates the size the underground economy. This is based on a common sense that one cannot spend more than one earns. So the extra money that was spent is assumed to have come in the underground economy in the discrepancies in official statistics approach. Another estimate that can be done using discrepancies in official statistics is to check labor statistics. A decline in formal employment or labor participation indicates that the number of people in underground economy is increasing as workers are migrating from formal to informal employment. c. Monetary approaches – the monetary approach recognizes that underground economy transacts only in cash to avoid paper trail that could detect and trace their illegal activities. The extent of the size of the underground economy can be estimated by analyzing the money supply (composed of cash and bank deposits) whether it has increased or decreased. An increase in money supply without the reported transactions or any visible economic activities indicate the existence of an underground economy. The value of the underground economy can then be extrapolated by comparing the value of money supply (cash on hand and bank deposits) to reported transactions in a given economy. The discrepancy between the value of money supply and reported transactions will give an estimate of the size of underground

Poverty in america Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Poverty in america - Essay Example Conservatives tend to focus on the poor, suggesting their behaviors are the cause of their poverty. Liberals, on the other hand, believe that poverty is created through social problems that cannot be solved by focusing on an individual. Poverty is a social issue and both liberals and conservatives have strong opinions on the topic. Liberal Point of View In their book on the welfare system and the aspects of social policies that have inadequately approached understanding the problem of poverty, Joel Handler and Yeheskel Hasenfeld suggest that the biggest problem with the system is that it is perpetually built upon a structure of myths that do not accurately represent the problem within the United States. The pervasive policy that causes the worst decision making is that through getting if the impoverished would just get a job, the impoverished state of a family would be improved. This policy does not take into consideration the low wages of most positions that are available without a college education, the cost of providing a roof, and most importantly, the lack of jobs and the impermanence of low paying jobs within the United States (Handler and Hasenfeld 4). This theory does not take into account that there are not enough jobs for the labor force. The liberal point of view embraces the idea that being poor is a state that comes from circumstance, many of which are out of the control of the individual. This point of view recognizes that poverty affects lives and that not having adequate shelter, food, or resources for health perpetuates a problem that may never be rectified even if those things are provided due to the economic state of the nation. Handler and Hasenfeld argue that one of the problems with defining poverty in the United States is the assumption that attaining a state above the federally defined poverty line means that a family is adequately supported through their own means. However, this is not often the case. The elements that go into to determ ining the concept of the poverty line are ’deeply flawed’, providing an inaccurate picture of the struggle of financial insecurity within the United States (Handler and Hasenfeld 5). In exploring the liberal point of view, there are many aspects to discuss, but the argument that Handler and Hasenfeld have made about the myths upon which public policy has been built appears to support the basic liberal viewpoint about poverty. People have needs, whether or not they can work. Hunger, according to FRAC (Food Research and Action Center) affects 50.2 million people who are living in food insecure households, with 23.2% of all children not eating on a regular basis. Social support is not about defrauding the taxpayer through welfare, but in trying to find a way to support the needs of people who are starving and in need of basic services for which the state of the economy cannot provide. Incidentally Conservative Point of View One of the stronger theories from the conservati ve point of view which emerged in the 1970s and 1980s on the poor is that of behavioral poverty. Behavioral poverty is based upon the concept that certain behaviors, primarily three behaviors, contribute to the state of poverty. The behaviors that lead to overcoming poverty are â€Å"completing high school, once an adult, get married and stay married (even if not on the first try), and stay employed, even at a wage and under conditions below their ultimate aims†

Approaches to explain Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Approaches to explain Entrepreneurship - Essay Example There are several approaches using which one can analyze the personality of an entrepreneur. In this paper, we will discuss some key approaches, which can help us explain an entrepreneur. 2. Environmental Background of An Entrepreneur Environmental background of an entrepreneur is very important to consider when assessing different approaches to explain entrepreneurship. Environmental background includes several elements, which play critical roles in the development of an entrepreneur. Some of those elements include family, education, role model, experience, and government support. Let us analyze these elements in some detail. 2.1 Family Family plays a vital role in the development of an entrepreneur. Professions and businesses of the family members of a person have a lot of influence on his/her professional mindset. According to Bruin and Dupuis (2003, p. 93), family business has a deep association with the concept of entrepreneurship. In some families, if the father of a person is involved in the business of construction, son will also try to step into that business by opening a firm or an independent construction company. Similarly, businesses of relatives also influence the mindset of an entrepreneur. 2.2 Education Education also plays a critical role in shaping professional approach of a person. Education makes a person aware of the legalities of different businesses, which help him/her become an entrepreneur at some stage of life. Education not only creates awareness among the entrepreneurs but also ensures economic development. Bruin and Dupuis (2003, p. 178) state, â€Å"Raising overall education and skill levels of indigenous peoples is undoubtedly crucial to indigenous economic development†. 2.3 Role Model Another element, which plays a role in shaping the mindset of an entrepreneur, is role model. As discussed earlier, a person is likely to step into the business of his/her ancestors. The reason is that success of parents or other relatives in any specific business positively influences the professional thoughts of an entrepreneur, which results in making that person an entrepreneur at some stage of life. Similarly, some successful businesspersons also become the role models for some people and they try to test their luck in the businesses of those people. 2.4 Experience Professional work experience is also an important element in the life of an entrepreneur. According to Bruin and Dupuis (2003, p. 69), entrepreneurs having little or no prior experience are less likely to succeed in their ambitions. A person is likely to start his/her own business after getting some experience in the related field. For example, a person doing job in a fresh food store or in a construction company may open his/her own company at some point in life after getting some practical experience and knowledge of all issues related to the business. 3. Entrepreneurs are Born or Made According to Shefsky (1994, p. 2), entrepreneurs are made, they are not born. Various factors play their roles in shaping an entrepreneur. Every entrepreneur is a normal person like every other person. The difference is just of their approaches to professional life. A normal person is generally less enthusiastic and innovative. He/she does not think of starting an independent business. On the other hand, an entrepreneur has some determination to do something new in life. Various

Joan durrant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Joan durrant - Essay Example The significant research of Durrant concentrates on various dimensions such as cultural, legal and psychological frameworks of corporal punishment of children in Canada and worldwide. Moreover, the research works of Dr. Durrant emphasizes upon prohibiting physical maltreatment of children. The research also provides an adequate support within the context of disciplinary approach that is taken into concern towards preventing the children from any sort of physical maltreatment. The studies of Durrant are applied in different parts of Canada, Sweden and Germany that provides elimination of corporal punishment of children by a significant level (University of Manitoba, 2012). The paper intends to discuss the detailed research works that conducted by Dr. Joan Durrant. Moreover, the linkage of the research of Dr. Durrant with the developmental health perspective and certain recommendations that would enhance the quality of care children will also be depicted in this paper. Explanation of t he Research Conducted By Joan Durrant The dimensions relating to physical punishment or maltreatment of children have been observed from previous few years and are regarded to be an important concern in the context of international affairs. According to various researches, it has been noted that physical or corporal punishment has been raised considerably in the year 1990. The research works of Dr. ... Moreover, it has also been viewed that the physical punishment or maltreatment of children belonging to the age group of six to nine years result increased levels of antisocial behavior with the application of different controls. In this regard, the controls may include family or socio-economic status and emotional support levels among others. The aforementioned study further indicates that physical punishment is a major factor of jeopardy for rising aggression in children that compels them to perform antisocial behaviors (Durrant & Ensom, 2012). The research works conducted by Durrant & Ensom are related to the significant aspect of child aggression. The works in the research observes connectivity between physical punishment and psychological aspects. It has been viewed that physical punishment is related with wide ranging mental health related difficulties of children, youths and adults that include sadness, grief, anxiety, use of drugs and alcohol among others. Moreover, the resea rchers also observed that physical punishment or maltreatment is mainly connected with mental development of children that ultimately affects in the educational development of the individuals or rather the children. From the perspective of the development of children, it has been observed that the studies relating to neuroimaging played an imperative part. In this regard, the studies linked with neuroimaging suggest that physical punishment can lessen the volume of grey matter of brain in relation to different development areas of children. It can be stated that physical punishment can cause significant changes in dopaminergic regions that are related with susceptibility towards the ill-treatment of drugs and alcohol. On the basis of the

The Impact of CCTV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Impact of CCTV - Essay Example According to Home Office (2004), the U.K. has an estimated 402 million CCTV cameras, which translates to one camera for every 14 people. In London, for example, one is likely to be caught on camera for at least 300 times a day. The United States is not left behind as most cities and towns have increased the number of CCTV cameras in the recent past to assist in deterring crime and beef up security. Despite the good intention, studies have shown that it is very expensive to install and operate a CCTV camera. The cost has been cited as one of the major impediments of CCTV cameras since, despite their high cost, the benefits are very little. Apart from the set up cost involved in CCTV installation, the system also incurs ongoing operating costs, which makes it expensive to install and operate. Furthermore, the operation of CCTV requires employment of human resource that actively monitors the cameras 24 hours (Armitage 2002, p.8). Such additional costs make the installation of CCTV camer as very expensive and unviable based on the fact that the benefits are very little. A study conducted in the U.K. in 1990s showed that the Home Office wasted millions of Euros in installing CCTV cameras in major towns and cities to assist in improving security (Home Office 2004). Precisely a whopping 78% of the Home Office crime prevention budget was directed towards CCTV installation, according to Home Office (2004). In Stockholm city alone, 55 million Euros were invested in CCTV installation to beef up the security of the city. Despite such huge investment in CCTV installation, findings showed that the crime rate in the city did not change much since some crimes were still being committed in the full view of cameras. This raised many questions as to why the government had to... The researcher states that 911 events prompted the U.S. government to beef up security in the country through the formation of the Department of Homeland Security. At the same time, American citizens also became more vigilant in a bid to ensure that their security is not compromised in any way. This has seen the number of video surveillance cameras in many towns and cities. Armitage indicates that many American cities and towns installed CCTV cameras as a mean of beefing up security and preventing crime. Basically, a CCTV camera can be installed in a business premise, home compound, street, where the cameras collects videos of all activities taking place, which is then directed to a Digital Video Recorder for viewing, and storage for future reference. In so doing, CCTV enables controlled areas to be put on surveillance remotely. The fact that the CCTV cameras are able to capture events in areas is of great importance to law enforcement and regulatory agencies since it makes it possib le for them to respond quickly to an episode once alerted. The analysis, that was conducted by the researcher showed that even though CCTV is effective in crime prevention in some areas such as in vehicle-related crimes, it is not worth investing in. This is because it is expensive in terms of cost, has poor picture clarity, and interferes with the privacy of citizens. As a result, the researcher suggests that government should consider investing the amount allocated for CCTV project for other more effective ways of reducing crime.

Joan durrant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Joan durrant - Essay Example The significant research of Durrant concentrates on various dimensions such as cultural, legal and psychological frameworks of corporal punishment of children in Canada and worldwide. Moreover, the research works of Dr. Durrant emphasizes upon prohibiting physical maltreatment of children. The research also provides an adequate support within the context of disciplinary approach that is taken into concern towards preventing the children from any sort of physical maltreatment. The studies of Durrant are applied in different parts of Canada, Sweden and Germany that provides elimination of corporal punishment of children by a significant level (University of Manitoba, 2012). The paper intends to discuss the detailed research works that conducted by Dr. Joan Durrant. Moreover, the linkage of the research of Dr. Durrant with the developmental health perspective and certain recommendations that would enhance the quality of care children will also be depicted in this paper. Explanation of t he Research Conducted By Joan Durrant The dimensions relating to physical punishment or maltreatment of children have been observed from previous few years and are regarded to be an important concern in the context of international affairs. According to various researches, it has been noted that physical or corporal punishment has been raised considerably in the year 1990. The research works of Dr. ... Moreover, it has also been viewed that the physical punishment or maltreatment of children belonging to the age group of six to nine years result increased levels of antisocial behavior with the application of different controls. In this regard, the controls may include family or socio-economic status and emotional support levels among others. The aforementioned study further indicates that physical punishment is a major factor of jeopardy for rising aggression in children that compels them to perform antisocial behaviors (Durrant & Ensom, 2012). The research works conducted by Durrant & Ensom are related to the significant aspect of child aggression. The works in the research observes connectivity between physical punishment and psychological aspects. It has been viewed that physical punishment is related with wide ranging mental health related difficulties of children, youths and adults that include sadness, grief, anxiety, use of drugs and alcohol among others. Moreover, the resea rchers also observed that physical punishment or maltreatment is mainly connected with mental development of children that ultimately affects in the educational development of the individuals or rather the children. From the perspective of the development of children, it has been observed that the studies relating to neuroimaging played an imperative part. In this regard, the studies linked with neuroimaging suggest that physical punishment can lessen the volume of grey matter of brain in relation to different development areas of children. It can be stated that physical punishment can cause significant changes in dopaminergic regions that are related with susceptibility towards the ill-treatment of drugs and alcohol. On the basis of the

Can laws influence incidence of chronic illness Essay

Can laws influence incidence of chronic illness - Essay Example Enacting laws is one of the methods that can help stop the prevalence of obesity and chronic diseases. This paper will look at the how enacting laws can help reduce the prevalence of chronic diseases and whether enacting such laws is ethical. A recent research suggests that cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable deaths (Meetoo, 2010). However, this is despite the various public awareness efforts and the laws that have been enacted over the years to stop this. Obesity and chronic diseases are likely to be the leading causes of preventable death in the future if proper measures are not taken to address this menace (Meetoo, 2010). The United States of America government over the years has enacted strict laws to help reduce cigarette smoking. The tobacco control act is one of such legislations whose main aims include; making tobacco products more expensive, preventing people from starting using tobacco and helping those already using tobacco products to stop. These laws have had a small effect on controlling the use of tobacco products. However, this effect cannot go unnoticed, as it has helped save many people’s lives. The government should embark on enacting laws to help reduce the prevalence of obesity and chronic diseases. In addition to raising public awareness on the issue, laws will go a long way in reducing the prevalence of chronic diseases and ensure it does not become the leading cause of preventable death. The laws should mainly target at the marketing strategies used by fast food outlets, branding and labeling of fast foods. The sale of soft drinks and fast food products around and in schools should also be prohibited. The government should also make sure that nutritious foods are subsidized to make sure they are affordable regardless of one’s economic status (Meetoo, 2010). Is it ethical to enact laws that are aimed at

Human Rights Violations by the Armed Forces

Human Rights Violations by the Armed Forces CHAPTER IV: ALLEGED HR VIOLATIONS BY THE ARMED FORCES IN NE INDIA Fundamental violations of human rights always lead to people feeling less and less human. San Suu Kyi India’s CI ops in the NE have allegedly resulted in widespread HR violations including, torture, forced disappearances, extra-judicial killing, rape, detention without trial, and harsh restrictions on freedom of assembly, movement and expression. Human rights abuses have been invariably now linked with the AFSPA, 1958, which was enacted in response to the Naga insurgency movement in then Assam State and union territory of Manipur. Between 2005 and 2008, the number of security troops killed in the northeast declined from 71 to 46 per year. In that same period, the ACHR notes an increase in the number of reported civilian deaths (1666) in the region.[1] As per media reports, out of those killed very few died in combat with armed forces. Instead most were killed in ‘fake encounters’ where in an individual is usually picked-up by police or armed forces and later his dead body is found at a secluded location, in rebel uniform and planted with a forbidden weapon and some unregistered (illegal) SIM cards. In February 2012, two judges of the Supreme Court, intervening in a case where the Central Bureau of Investigation was seeking to prosecute army officers accused of murdering five villagers in Jammu Kashmir, in what is known as the Pathribal incident, declared clearly that AFSPA’s protection was limited to acts conducted in the line of duty. â€Å"You go to a place in exercise of AFSPA, you commit rape, you commit murder, then where is the question of sanction? It is a normal crime which needs to be prosecuted, and that is our stand,† declared the bench of Justices Swatanter Kumar and B.S. Chauhan.[2] Thangjam Manamora Devi On 10 Jul 04, a 29 yr old Manipuri woman named Thangjam Manorama Devi was allegedly picked up from her residence by the troops of 17th Assam Rifles. The next morning her bullet ridden body was found in the field at a short distance from her residence. The autopsy of her corpse suggested rape and murder. Assam Rifles claimed that she was shot for her attempt to escape. Post the incident an inquiry commission was set up by the Manipur Govt. The commission submitted its report in Nov 2004, but the Guwahati High Court ruled that the State Govt has no jurisdiction over the Assam Rifles because of its deployment under AFSPA.[3] The Assam Rifles, for its part, has refused to cooperate with the Judicial Commission instituted by the Ibobi Singh Govt to probe the circumstances that led to Manoramas death. It moved the Guwahati High Court and obtained an interim stay on the summoning of its personnel by the commission. Col. Jag Mohan, Commandant of 17 Assam Rifles, requested the commission to set aside the proceedings against Assam Rifles personnel since a petition had been filed in the Guwahati High Court. The Assam Rifles petition in the High Court said that the commission has been summoning persons who do not come under its jurisdiction. In the past, some judicial inquiry commissions had to be wound up on technical grounds. Under the AFSPA, no prosecution process can be initiated against personnel of the Central forces without first obtaining the Centres approval. The Assam Rifles moved the High Court certainly not without the prior sanction of both the Home and Defence Ministries. Quoting the first post-mortem report of Manorama, Assam Rifles denied the charge of rape of her by its personnel.[4] Mr Colin Gonsalves, a senior advocate of the Supreme Court has stated that â€Å" Not only man on the street, but even judges have been arbitrarily picked up, detained and tortured by the men in uniform deriving unlimited and unaccounted powers from the Armed forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958. If the judiciary cannot protect itself, how can it do justice to the people of Manipur†.[5] Guwahati High Court ruled for the submission of report of Inquiry commission constituted by State Govt to the Home ministry and since then this report has not been made public. This shocking incident resulted in wide scale unprecedented protests throughout the state. Anger and anguish among the locals reached such a level where a group of middle aged women stripped naked outside the headquarters of Assam Rifles and shouted slogans ‘ Indian Army Rape Us’. In order to reach out to the feelings of Manipuri people then Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh promised the people of Manipur to review the AFSPA.[6] Irom Chanu Sharmila Irom Sharmila is a 42 years old woman from Manipur who is also referred to as ‘The Iron Lady of Manipur’ for her hunger strike which she started on 2 Nov 2000. She has been called â€Å"the world’s longest hunger striker† for having refused food and water for more than 14 years. On 2 Nov 2000, ten civilians were allegedly killed by the armed forces operating in the state under AFSPA at Malom town in the Imphal valley. Protesting the ‘Malom Massacre’ Sharmila started her unending hunger strike which is continued till date. Her main demand to the central Govt is complete repeal of AFSPA which has been perceived by the local Manipuri people as the root cause of the HR violations by the armed forces.[7] Justice Jeevan Reddy Committee. As mentioned above, during the visit of Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh to Manipur in 2004, he promised the people to consider the review of AFSPA. Thereafter a committee was constituted by the Central Govt, under the chairmanship of Justice (Retired) BP Jeevan Reddy, on 19 Nov 04 to recommend either changes in the present act or to replace the AFSPA in present form with a more humane act. The committee also included four other members. During the course of its work, the committee members met several individuals, organisations, parties, institutions and NGOs, which resulted in the report stating that the Act, for whatever reason, has become a symbol of oppression, an object of hate and an instrument of discrimination and high handedness. The report clearly stated that It is highly desirable and advisable to repeal the Act altogether, without of course, losing sight of the overwhelming desire of an overwhelming majority of the [North East] region that the Army should remain (though the Act should go).[8] The committee submitted its report to the Central Govt in August 2005. The Govt has not yet decided on the recommendations proposed by the committee. Some of the important recommendations of the committee are as follows[9]:- (a) AFSPA should be repealed. The Act is too sketchy, too bald and quite inadequate in several particulars. (b) Insertion of appropriate provisions in the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (as amended in the year 2004) would be more appropriate, instead of suggesting a new piece of legislation. Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 as amended in 2004 by the Parliament should be the only law to deal with all kinds of internal security problems including the threats of insurgency and terrorism. (c) A chapter needs to be added to facilitate employment of armed forces in the present Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 as amended in 2004. The draft chapter has also been included in report of the Reddy committee as compatible to the constitutional principles. Justice Santosh Hegde Committee The Supreme Court of India by its order dated 4th Jan 2013 appointed Justice Santosh Hegde commission with directions to make thorough inquiry in the first six cases detailed in ‘Compilation –I’ filed by the writ petitioners in WP (Crl) No.129 of 2012, with further directions to the commission to record a finding regarding the past antecedents of the victims and the circumstances in which they were killed.[10] The Apex Court further directed the commission to report regarding the functioning of State Police and Security Forces and if necessary the commission was mandated to make recommendations for keeping the police and the security forces within the legal bounds without compromising the fight against insurgency.[11] The specific cases which were enquired by the commission are as per the details given below[12]:- After carrying out the detailed inquiry in respect of all six case the Justice Santosh Hegde Commission submitted its report on 30 Mar 13. Following are the highlights of the recommendations proposed by the commission[13]:- (a) The six cases which were inquired by the commission were egregious examples of AFSPA’s gross abuse. (b) With a burgeoning, restive and youthful population only proactive inclusive governance can hope for some stability. (c) Commission was in respectful agreement with the finding of Justice Jeevan Reddy committee that AFSPA has become â€Å"a symbol of oppression, an object of hate and instrument of discrimination and high headedness†. (d) It is time to progressively de-notify more areas of the Manipur State under section 3 of AFSPA. If at any stage of the de-notification there is a serious and continued regression in the law and order situation, it should be open to the appropriate Govt to reconsider the options available to it. (e) The Do’s and Don’ts, laid down by the Supreme Court during its 1997 verdict, may be given statutory status. (f) A sensitive, proactive and responsive administration will go long way in normalizing the situation and winning the confidence of the people. (g) All cases of encounters resulting in death are reviewed once in three months by a committee chaired by the Head of the State Human Rights Commission with Principal Secretary Home and DG of the state as members. (h) Central Govt be given a reasonable time to pass order under Section 6 of AFSPA, preferably within three months from the date of its receipt of the request of the prosecution, failing which its sanction will be presumed. Conclusion Apart from the cases of HR violations discussed above, there are many other cases some of which are not even reported. These HR violations clearly show the undesired consequences of employing the Armed Forces for the task which under the normal circumstances should have been undertaken by the state law enforcing agencies. When the Armed Forces are deployed for prolonged duration for maintenance of public order, there is ample possibility of certain member from the forces seeking advantage of the power and position to harass or trample upon the rights of the local people. Hence the act needs to be analysed in detail to ascertain the availability of suitable checks and balances to prevent the appalling HR violations by the Armed Forces. Footnotes [1] Lierde Van Frank, We, Widows of the Gun, A joint publication from Manipuri NGO’s Women in Governance (WinG), the Gun Victims Survivors Association (GVSA), Human Rights Alert (HRA), the Extrajudicial Execution Victims Families Manipur (EEVFAM) and the Dutch international development organization Cordaid, 2011, p-13. [2] An abomination called AFSPA, The Hindu 12 Feb 2013, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/an-abomination-called-afspa/article4405641.ece accessed on 15 Nov 14. [3] Thangjam Manorama, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thangjam_Manorama accessed on 15 Nov 14. [4] Talukdar Sushanta, Manipur on fire, Frontline Aug28-Sep10,2004, http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2118/stories/20040910007400400.htm accessed on 16 Nov 14. [5] The Murder of Manorama, http://www.unipune.ac.in/snc/cssh/HumanRights/02 STATE AND ARMY POLICE REPRESSION/B Assam and the north east/11.pdf accessed on 15 Nov 14. [6] Dr. Manmohan Singh was amiable with Manipur leaders, assured to amend armed forces special powers law with a new humane law, Asian Tribune, 01 Nov 04, http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2004/11/01/dr-manmohan-singh-was-amiable-manipur-leaders-assured-amend-armed-forces-special-pow accessed on 15 Nov 14. [7] Irom Chanu Sharmila, Wikipedia, en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irom_Chanu_Sharmila accessed on 15 Nov 14. [8] Justice(Retd) BP Jeevan Reddy Committee’s Report, 6 Jun 05. [9] Ibid. [10] Report of Supreme Court Appointed Justice Santosh Hegde Commission, P-1. [11] Ibid [12] Ibid, P- 4,5. [13] Ibid, P- 95-104.

Boondock Saints Essay :: essays research papers

The Boondock Saints movie exhibits and demonstrates many possible causes and reasons for social deviance. One example of this is shown in the Subjective view of deviance through a Constructionist Theory. The Subjectivist believes that a deviant person is a conscious, feeling, thinking subject and that one should understand the experience of that person. From a Constructionist perspective, deviants are actively seeking meanings in the deviant activities. The brothers in the movie are seeking meaning from their killing. They believe that they are on a mission from God, and that they will be protected and blessed for doing this. The brothers in the movie are a good study on mass murder. While they are not murdering everyone at exactly the same time in the same place, they are doing it in a cult-like sort of way. They believe that they are on a mission from God, to kill all criminals in Boston. They believe that they are following a direct order from God, much like what certain cults believe. Most of their murders are also pre-meditated. Perhaps the biggest factor in why these brothers murder can be attributed to the theory of Subculture of Violence. Subculture of violence states that those who are poor or less fortunate are more likely to engage in violent acts, such as murder and rape. This is attributed to their social standing, and their inability to get out of the lower social classes. The actual cause of violence in these situations is poverty and social inequality. While the brothers are not lashing out at those who are significantly richer than them, they are lashing out at those who are more powerful than them. They are also lashing out at those who make others poor and impoverished. Last but not least, one can also look at the brothers’ acts as acts of terrorism. These murders are not terrorism towards the general populace, but towards those who are criminals, and to those who might become criminals.

Hitler :: essays research papers

Hitler came to power in Germany in the 1930s. His reign as FÃ ¼hrer of the Third Reich is known as one of the darkest periods of world history. He desired to build a supreme race. He believed the Jewish race was too large and too economically strong. To aid him in his quest for the supreme German race and to conquer Germany's economic woes, he waged a war of holocaust against the Jewish people and any "weak" human beings. This became known as "Hitler's Final Solution." America has risen to one of most powerful nations in the world. The mosaic of people that make up the "melting pot of the world" are entirely responsible for the success of this country. Diverseness unifies a nation, while prejudice and discrimination cause emotional and physical separation among the inhabitants of a country; "A nation divided cannot stand." Adolph Hitler and the Nazis, however, chose to follow their theories and ideas of creating a "supreme race" despite the contradiction with the universal principles that acknowledge the power of diversity. Jews, Gypsies, Poles, Slavs, the physically and mentally disabled, Jehovah's witnesses, homosexuals, political prisoners, dissenting clergy, and others who were considered unworthy of being a member of society, all fell Nazi victims. Over eleven million diverse, innocent people were slaughtered by the Nazis as a result of their desire to create an identical race of people. Hitler believed Marxism contrived to bestow the world to the Jews. Hitler predicted the Marxists would use democracy until they got the support of the intellectual world, then they would kill the populations. Hitler believed the most powerful nation would be one that is composed of a folkish state. Hitler's folkish philosophy promotes the supremacy of the "better and stronger" and the surrender of the "inferior and weaker." He believed that only this mightier race of people would be strong enough to withstand and overcome the problems of the future (Hitler 1: 4-l 0). Hitler wanted to rid the country of religion. He felt with all its indistinct characteristics and multiple forms, it was not only insignificant for human life, but it would lead to the disintegration of mankind. He believed that he needed to eliminate the Jewish and "harmful" concepts, opinions, and aims to be able to create this folkish state. Many Germans already had strong feelings of resentment and animosity towards the Jews. Hitler provoked these feelings by convincing them that the Jews were the cause of all evil.

Does Robert Louis Stevenson explore the duality of human nature in Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay

Written between 1884 and 1887, Robert Louis Stevenson’s novel, â€Å"the strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde†, is about a well respected physician and his ‘other self’ Mr Hyde. Dr. Jekyll is described as a typical Victorian gentleman . [PD1] Dr Jekyll wanted to develop a potion because he believed he could create a perfectly righteous human being by destroying the evil of the mind and body. When he creates this potion, it doesn’t quite go according to plan. He takes the potion for the first time, but when he goes back to normal, he turns into Mr Hyde without taking the potion. Slowly, Mr Hyde starts to take over Dr Jekyll. When Dr Jekyll turns into Mr Hyde, it changes his appearance, because of this, no one wants to approach him or talk to him. During the time when the book was written, people who looked different or who had disabilities or deformities which are widely accepted today, were not liked and were usually shut away. This is why no one liked or talked to Hyde. There is proof of this in the lines â€Å"I had taken a loathing to the man at first sight† and â€Å"gave me a look so ugly, it brought out the sweat on me like running†. Dr Jekylls idea was that everyone had two sides to them, a good side and an evil side, a side of joy and a side of despair; there is a Mr Hyde in all of us. This was not the only novel of this time that hinted at duality, there were a few of other main plays. Two examples are Deacon Broodie, and Markheim, which is a short story. In the Victorian times, most people had very high morals, and so immoral things were rarely mentioned or talked about. Also, sex is rarely talked about in the book because everyone had such high morals, and so sex is something which would not be written and so was kept away from the public eye. [PD2] Throughout the novel, figurative language is used in various forms. One of the forms used is personification. Personification is used in many ways to try to help the reader to relate to the book, characters, and objects in the book. Another way figurative language is used is in the form of â€Å"similes† by saying things like â€Å"You start a question, and it’s like starting a stone. You sit quietly on the top of a hill; and away the stone goes, starting others; and presently some bland old bird (the last you would have thought of) is knocked on the head in his own back garden and the family have to change their name. No, sir, I make it a rule of mine: the more it looks like Queer Street, the less I ask.†[PD3] The novel was written when the world was not very advanced medically. In the world today, we know of illnesses such as schizophrenia. It is thought that the novel was written about someone who had schizophrenia which would be treated with medication nowadays. jekyll and hyde were indeed the same person and Dr Jekyll didn’t really have â€Å"an evil side† to him, it was just because he had a split personality disorder.

Frost and Farley’s “The Road/Lover Not Taken” Essay

One of the most renowned American poets of his century, and of our generation still, Robert Frost – evident in his perhaps most widely recognized poem, â€Å"The Road Not Taken† (1915) – is able to effectively relate the inherent and quintessential condundrum existent in humanity which plagues the greater part of every human being’s existence. Conversely, the poet Blanche Farley, in a similar poem entitled â€Å"The Lover Not Taken† (1984) is able to afford readers more than a brief glimpse, and perhaps, reflection, of the inner workings of the human psyche, and its complexities; however much verging on a lampoon or parody of Frost’s work it may appear to be. Both writers are able to convey an aspect of humanity through their poetry. Apart from the glaring similarity which exists in the title of Frost and Farley’s poem, â€Å"The Road†¦ † and â€Å"The Lover†¦ † share another familiar element. Both are fraught with the inherent human agony and reality of choice. The need to choose between two roads to tread by, or lovers to take for one’s own; and the possibility of being at an advantage or disadvantage for choosing or dismissing a lover or proverbial road over the other is explicitly voiced in both poems. Both Frost and Farley are able to communicate the exquisite agony which is necessarily attached to the act of choosing, and perhaps even mourning the fact that one doesn’t have the capacity to venture and experience both undertaking. Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken† begins with the famous lines affirming the previously mentioned sentiment when he pronounces, â€Å"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, / And sorry I could not travel both†¦ † (1-2). In case readers were unable to exact this particular ideology from the title yet, the aforementioned quoted lines are able to firmly establish and affirm it. The extent of Robert Frost’s poem proceeds to relate how he chose one road over the other, one that appeared less than pleasant, but that which he proceeded to tread along in nonetheless. And despite already treading along in it, Frost briefly thought of returning and walking the other road instead, but he resolves to continue on the road he’s chosen, pronouncing, â€Å"Yet knowing how way leads to way, / I doubted if I should ever come back. † (14-15). The poem aptly culminates under a tiresome, but hopeful and optimistic note in which the poet looks back on the journey he’s taken, and relates: â€Å"I shall be telling this with a sigh / Somewhere ages and ages hence: / Two roads diverged in a wood, and I– / I took the ones less traveled by, / And that has made all the difference. † (16-20). The proverbial road and journey which the poet took, and which every man and woman, at one point or another, is inevitably bound to undertake is highlighted in the poem. Frost stresses the weight or impact that every individual’s choice contributes in the shaping of his or her life. The concluding line in the poem speaks to readers on a visceral level because it encompasses an inherent and significant aspect of every individual’s humanity. In â€Å"The Lover Not Taken,† Blanche Farley addresses this similar aspect of humanity – the perennial agony associated with choice – albeit rooted in parody, and perhaps even comedy. Farley relates the age-old torment of being torn between lovers, playfully relating, at times subtly, and sometimes crudely, in a fashion almost identical to Frost’s previous poem, â€Å"Committed to one, she wanted both / And, mulling it over, long she stood†¦ This new guy, smooth as a yellow wood / Really turned her on. † (1-2, 5-6) Farley proceeds to relate what she finds attractive in both men, almost in a manner which appears achingly juvenile, but the poet redeems herself with traces of wit and humor which â€Å"The Lover Not Taken† is not without. The narrator troubles herself with a view of the consequences and ramifications that could possibly ensue if she was to pick one lover over the other; but like Frost, the narrator is able to arrive at a firm decision. Farley concludes the protagonist’s particular condundrum in comedic triumphance by expressing, â€Å"With that in mind, she took the fast way home, / The road by the pond, and phone the blond. † (21-22) Blanche Farley’s â€Å"The Lover Not Taken† may be different compared to Robert Frost’s classic â€Å"The Road Not Taken† in terms of the gravity of choices being discussed, but it nonetheless presents readers a reality which applies in the extent of human existence. It affirms the idea that the perennial agony which exists alongside mankind’s inherent need to choose is very much present, be it in something as arcane and immensely significant as the journey every individual is supposed to undertake which will alter their entire being, to something as seemingly banal, trite and even juvenile as ambivalent love. Ultimately,â€Å"The Road Not Taken† and â€Å"The Lover Not Taken, are both able to evoke the agony which lies in choices, however disparate the weight of the concerns addressed in each poem may be, and in essence, both are able to reflect humanity. Works Cited â€Å"The Road Not Taken. † Anthology Of Poetry. 27 February 2008. â€Å"The Lover Not Taken. † Anthology Of Poetry. 27 February 2008.

Lead And Manage A Team Within A Health Care And Social Care Setting

A team is a group of people working together in a related field to achieve an agreed goal, target or objective. In order to attain the overall goal activities and tasks are shared between the team members with give individuals their roles and responsibilities. The feature of an effective team performance include the factors that the describe the team structure and the process that enables goal achievement. Communication : Communication is a process through which information is passed from an encoder to a decoder through and agreed channel, which has a feed back loop.Given that all enabling conditions that eliminates barriers to effective information or date transition and feedback are in place. Effective communication is an important feature of an effective team performance, it enable the definition of the problem or overall goal to every members of the team, it also enable communication that define roles and responsibilities of every member and methods of operation, feedback, suppor t and reassessment of team and individual tasks or needs.An effective team permanence must have a structure, heirachy that enables decision making, delegation of duties, monitoring and motivation channels, support, training and supervision of team members. There must be a chair, leader or manager of the team who takes overall responsibilities and co-ordination of activities. Team cohesion is important to ensure that communication remain sustainable and effective. Therefore there also has to be a good conflict management plan – process and procedure to eliminate break down in work processes.Definition of roles and responsibilities this enables delegated duties to be clear and monitorable. Every individual is clear about what to do, their deadline and how to obtain support when required. Support and supervision a team must have access to training support and supervision available for all members, through meeting that evaluate work processes and individual performances thereby e nabling teams to meet their goal. 1. 2 Identify the challenges experienced by developing teamsTeams that are developing can have problems at the beginning these may include: impact of the feature and structure in team management. Communication Impact of communiction on the team process know what to report, when and in what format to report to the rest of the team. The team has to agree on these elements to facilitate the process for the team. Barriers in communication can affect team cohesion and slow down pace of work. Roles and responsibilities Defning roles and responsibilities how to determing an even share of taskes within the team members.Which one is delegated tasks, how to agree and set deadlines. Overlapping roles can have the problem of deciding who does what and who job it is questions. Team member performances Poorly performing team members can be a challenging in meeting deadlines and achieving the overall goal. The team leader sometimes may need to re-allocate tasks wi thin team, take on extra tasks, training and supervising of members of the team, which can impact on the team leader’s meeting up with his own roles/ tasks. 1. 3 Identify the challenges experiences by established teamsControlling and managing experts and expert opinion. A team with mixed skilled and experts may have difficulties agreeing on opinions and some times reaching a decisions Controlling deviations The team leader or manager has to monitor activities regularly and monitor performances to ensure that target is met and cost and expenditures are within budget. Dealing with risks Monitoring and controlling risks that can impact on the achievement of goals to deadline, assessing and reducing risks and also taking risk actions to ensure achievement of the goal. Dealing with emergencies that impacts on work processThe team has to decide on how to deal with emergencies, risks and uncertainties and how they impact on the overall objective of the team. Changes and re-planning processes Decided on how to implement changes and addressing issues and re-planning implementation plans. Also co-ordinating activities of every member of the team, collating work products into the whole or overall goal can be a big challenge to the team and the leader or manager of the team. 1. 4 Explain how challenges to effective team performance can be overcome Challenges to effective team performance can be overcome by :Increasing communication – team have to meet as often as possible to discuss issues of concern. Team has to clearly define methods and channels of communication to ensure that the right information is available at the right time, in the right form through the right channel for effective use and feed backs give timely. Conflict resolution policy Team has to agree on the methods to which conflicts can be resolved within the group, this has to be addressed as soon as possible to enhance team cohesion and progress team effort towards achieving its goals.The t eam manager has to provide support and supervision to team members, the manager to also ensure that all delegated duties are supervised where necessary, provide training to members in order to facilitate their ability to contribute to team effort in meeting the teams overall objectives. Team to ensure a member of the team is assigned to monitor, reports and and implement risk management plans. Monitor and report all concerns and issues arising timely for team deliberation and decision making. 1. 5 Analyse how different management styles may influence outcomes of team performanceManagement styles are methods used by manager for administration in the work environments, different managers have there preferred approached based on their belief or experience in the use of managerial theories or concepts. The main aim of management is to meet goals and achieve planned targets i. e profit making, therefore approached can be altered depending on the situation and volatility of the environmen t. Management styles include: taylorism, fayolism, the hawthorne effect, needs and motives, complex man, management by objectives.Taylorism – this is scientific management, which concept called is ‘one best way’ to task performance. The idea that is that management make decisions and direct the staff to carry decisions out, without any fear or favor or emotional attachment – thought or input, discretion of staff. This leads to standard method of task performance leading to uniformity of actions and outcomes, speeds up production and increase expertise. Additional advantage is that, it help in the staff selection process thereby ensure that only required skills are sort for and employed.As a result the team will achieve its objectives early enough and a good outcome as the members are expert in the field. Team members are trained to follow only standard procedure for their tasks. b) Fayolism Outcome will differ if the managers have the qualities as describe d by Fayol such as : Health and vigor, Cleverness, Moral qualities, General knowledge (culture), Management capacity and Notions about other functions (activities) and The strongest skills in the function managed If the managers have these qualities they will then be able to meet the required principle such as: Division of work, Authority, Discipline, Unity ofcommand, Unity of direction, Subordination of Individual Interests to the Common Interest, Remuneration of personnel, Centralization, Scalar chain, Order, Equity, Stability of personnel tenure, Initiative and Esprit de corps (Union is strength). The outcome is likely to be more productive, timely and good quality of outcome as every member have common interests and order in the team. Collective sharing of work load and responsibilities help to meet target sooner.The Hawthorne Effect – This is the management style that believe that a happy worker is a good worker. Is concept central on providing a good working environment and opportunity for staff, thereby encouraging them to work harder and give their best. The outcomes of team working in this environment is that the team are happy together working in the environment individual and collective motivation enable people put in their best, and improve performance.

Why women are enthusiastic about Birkin bag by Hermes Research Paper - 1

Why women are enthusiastic about Birkin bag by Hermes - Research Paper Example It is included in Forbes magazine’s Most Extravagant Handbags list. Bag prices range from US$6,000 to US$120,000 depending on the materials used and the craftsmanship that goes with it (Prabhakar, 2007). So, why do women go gaga over a Birkin bag? What strategy does Hermes adopt making it very successful all these years despite tough competition and the worldwide financial crisis? Where lies the â€Å"mystery† of the Hermes Birkin? According to Hermes CEO, Patrick Thomas, â€Å"Hermes has no desire to become a â€Å"masstige† (a mass producer of prestige goods) (Wright, 2009). Our strategy will be a strategy of value, not a strategy of volume; we are not in the mass luxury† (Agathe, Imadec-Bentata & Zimmerman, 2009, p. 8). They say no to short-term profit; thus, even in times of recession, few discounts are offered (Xie, n.d.) They cannot compromise the quality and the finishing of the product just to increase their sales (Wright, 2009). Hermes strategy is centered on the respect of the legacy of the luxury brand’s history, its heritage. (Xie, n.d.) Their mission is the pursuit of excellence. They adopt a model of scarcity to preserve its prestige and integrity. They do not change their strategy according to the state of the economy (Wright, 2009). They stick to the rule of luxury, that is, even in the worst financial crisis; the world will still have rich people who would like to hold on to exclusive items that can hold value such as a Birkin bag (Xie, n.d.). A purchase of a Birkin bag is viewed not an expense but an investment that could last for 40 years and whose price could go up to more than double as the years go by (Wright, 2009). One of the marketing techniques employed by Hermes is to keep a waiting list with high-profile customers such as Hollywood stars. They also put a â€Å"Reserved† sign on their display bag and they limit the number of Birkin sold to each customer for every purchase

IMPACT OF FEEDBACK ON JOB PERFORMANCE AND JOB SATISFACTION Essay

IMPACT OF FEEDBACK ON JOB PERFORMANCE AND JOB SATISFACTION - Essay Example However, if pay raises are related directly to performance, an employee who receives a healthy pay increase will more than likely also experience feelings of accomplishment and satisfaction. On the other hand, feedback is the information people receive about their performance. It conveys an evaluation about the quality of their performance behaviors. Giving feedback could be done by providing information to employees regarding their performance on job expectations. This makes feedback is an important part of the education process. For instance, in the school environment, test grades let students know what they have achieved and what they must learn to do better next time. People at work give feedback to reinforce others' good behavior and correct their poor behavior. The recipient of feedback judges its value and determines whether to accept and act on the feedback, reject it, or ignore it. Feedback has different purposes at different career stages. It helps newcomers learn the ropes, mid-career employees to improve performance and consider opportunities for development, and late career employees to maintain their productivity. Managers are an important source of feedba ck because they establish performance objectives and provide rewards for attaining those objectives. Other sources of feedback are co-workers, subordinates, and customers (London, 2003, p. 11). The impact of feedback on job satisfaction could be derived in the fact that it is linked to the psychological reception of an employee. Cullen and Sackett (2003) cited Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model that has identified the five core task dimensions-task identity, task variety, autonomy, task significance, and feedback-are seen in a number of psychological states, such as job satisfaction and subsequent organizational events (like absence and turnover). Research has indeed established that these attributes are useful predictors of job satisfaction (Cullen & Sackett, 2003, p. 169). The problem with feedback is that, generally, people tend to perceive and recall positive feedback more accurately than they do negative feedback. However, as opposed to what many people think, a feedback with a negative sign (e.g., being told your performance is below average) can have a positive motivational impact. In fact, when employees are told they were below average on a creativity test, they subsequently drove to outperform those who were led to believe their results were above average. This is why negative feedbacks can serve as a challenge and could motivate employees to pursue higher goals. Those receiving positive feedback apparently were less motivated to do better. Nonetheless, feedback with a negative sign or threatening content needs to be administered carefully to avoid creating insecurity and defensiveness. Self-efficacy also can be damaged by negative feedback, as discovered in a pair of experiments with business students. With this, Louie (1999) concluded that "t o facilitate the development of strong efficacy beliefs, managers should be careful about the provision of negative feedback. Destructive criticism by managers which attributes the cause of poor performance to internal factors reduces both the beliefs of self-efficacy and the self-set goals of recipients." The traditional top-down feedback programs have now been replaced by two newer approaches, the upward

Linguistics essay 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Linguistics 2 - Essay Example he basis for such concepts as ‘melting pot’ and ‘ethnocentricity’, where it was considered possible that all newcomers would blend into the existing society. Bennett (1993) believes that this does not work and that applying one’s own perspective is the source of ongoing conflict everywhere. Empathy, however, approaches communication from a point of ‘difference’ (Bennett 1998, p. 203), acknowledging that everyone is different from the other, from a multitude of angles and that only by acknowledging and valuing this difference, real communication can be achieved. In other words, empathy assumes the perspective of the other. Bennett (1998 p. 209) proposes 6 steps to achieving empathy, including acknowledging that there is difference, based on self-understanding, on temporarily suspending this self and allowing empathy with the other to take place. This can be achieved through what Bennett calls guided imagination an emphatic experience, re-establishing self once the period of empathy has finished. As you have made us aware, you are planning a strike in the near future, with the aim of obtaining an increase in wages. From our initial discussions, we now both are aware that we are different in our approaches to this problem. As you are now aware that the Chinese workers are not favour of this move and we are entering into this correspondence with the aim of arriving at a compromise acceptable to both parties. This may perhaps be more successful, if we understand the reasons for each other’s position. Therefore, we would first like to explain the motivation behind our move to forego higher wages. To begin with, we would like you to understand that, like you, most of the Chinese men working here have left everything behind to follow their dream of a better life for their families in California. While the railroads were being built, employment was good and we did well, but once they were finished, there was little chance that there would be further

Smoking cigarettes is deadly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Smoking cigarettes is deadly - Essay Example Over half of all long-term smokers eventually die of a smoking-related disease. Smoking affects many parts of the body; both internally, e.g. increased risk of infertility, impotence and reduced sperm count, and externally, e.g. dry skin, smelly breath and stained teeth. In the short-term, smokers are prone to suffer from a shortness of breath as less oxygen gets transported to the lungs. Long-term, there is increased risk of respiratory problems, e.g. chronic bronchitis, emphysema and chronic asthma. Smokers also have lower level of antioxidants in the blood to repair damaged cells than non-smokers. This makes them less immune to viruses, which weaken their natural defences. The Surgeon General Report (2010) also highlights that thousands of non-smokers die each year from heart disease, lung cancer and respiratory infections due to breathing in second hand smoke. The scientific link between health risks and second hand smoke is now so strong that a number of countries including the UK have banned all forms of smoking in public places such as restaurants and cinemas. I now wish to turn my attention to 2 of the most well known harmful effects of smoking. Firstly, 85% of lung cancer cases are caused by smoking and Martin (2005) states that it’s the leading cause of cancer death amongst smokers.

Anthrax Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Anthrax - Essay Example They are of three types: Symptoms: The causal agent does not cause the infection immediately but requires incubation period from 7 to 60 days. The initial symptoms are similar to flu with a very high temperature > 100 F followed by coolness or sweat. It may give chest distress, difficulty in breathing, muscular fatigue. The symptoms also include non-productive cough, aching throat, headache and nausea, loss of appetite, abdominal distress, vomiting or diarrhea (Mikesell,). 1. Cutaneous anthrax (skin): The causal organism gains entry in the body through a cut or an abrasion especially when a person encounters either contaminated animal products or diseased animal. The organism establishes the infection with a raised bump similar to an insect or mosquito bite, followed by itching. After 1-2 days it develops into a vesicle which takes the form of a painless ulcer. This ulcer after 7-10 days becomes black necrotic in the centre called as eschar. The body responds to this by swelling in the adjacent lymph glands. Fever, headache and distress occur. It could be fatal if antimicrobial treatment is not given. 2. Inhalation anthrax: The incubation period varies from 2 to 60 days. The symptoms are similar to common cold or sore throat with a mild fever and muscular pain and malaise. It is not contagious but if untreated the condition results in severe breathing discomfort, shock, symptoms like pneumonia or may give rise to meningitis. It may become fatal in 24 to 36 hrs. 3. Gastrointestinal anthrax: It is more severe form of anthrax than cutaneous form, caused by the consumption of contaminated animal product. This is featured by an acute inflammation of the intestinal tract. The condition onset with nausea, vomiting with blood, followed by loss of appetite, fever and severe abdominal pain and severe diarrhea with blood. It may be fatal in 25-60% of the cases as ascites fills the abdomen, followed by shock an death within the span of 2-5 days. 4. Oropharyngeal anthrax: It is not a popular form of anthrax. This encompasses fever, swelling in the lymph nodes especially in the cervical region and severe throat pain and discomfort in swallowing. Sometimes ulcer may appear at the basal region of tongue. If condition is not cured then breathing distress occurs (http://www.bt.cdc.gov). Treatment and Prevention: The disease is not contagious but the fomites of the patients may be contaminated with the spores of the causal organism. Decontamination of people and belongings is crucial with an antimicrobial agent or with bleach especially formaldehyde as chlorine is ineffective to kill vegetative cells and also the spores. Articles can be decontaminated by boiling them in water for at least 30 mins. Timely care and antibiotic therapy can enhance the chances of survival of the victims. Therapy can be started with the oral course of antibiotics followed by intravenous doses (IV). Fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin (cipro), doxycycline, erythromycin, vancomycin or penicillin. Early antibiotic prophylaxis can prevent the disease taking the fatal form. Quarantine