The Introduction of Belt Conveyor Characteristics Essay Example for Free

The Introduction of Belt Conveyor Characteristics Essay Belt conveyor, also called continuity conveyor, is a kind of machinery transporting materials in a certain line continuously. Its transmission line is generally constant, and able to take horizontal or tilting transmission as well as form space transmission lines. The machine has a great transmission capacity and long distance, which can also achieve some process operations simultaneously. Belt conveyor made by our company has the advantages of large transportation amount, simple structure, convenient maintenance, standard components and so on. It is widely used in mining, metallurgy, coal and other departments in order to transport loose materials and finished products. Based on the transmission process requirements, all kinds of transmission methods are available to meet the needs of different operation lines. This conveyor has the characteristics of the following aspects: (1) nose structural steel frame structure, the main structure of a release channel steel welding processed, the nose section of the large belt conveyors use of higher strength of H-shaped steel welding, angle steel, channel as an auxiliary component. See more: how to start a paragraph Depending on the transport and installation conditions, can be designed as a whole or split modular. (2) the conveyor can be used single-motor drives, can also be used for the dual motor drive to adapt to a variety of transportation tasks and the length of the conveyor. Gear is equipped with a hydraulic coupling, in order to improve the startup performance of the conveyor, and to ensure that tend to balance load distribution in the two-motor drive. 3) the middle part of the steel frame or tube frame structure, a simple structure, transport disassembly and adjustment easy. A longer service life of the middle frame and high recycling rate swaps, to reduce production inputs in the same specification conveyor. (4) H-shaped support of the middle frame brittle can be designed to be adjustable type,to adapt to the conditions of a high degree of fluctuation of the roadway floor, to ensure that the conveyor belt to almost straight, reducing the amount of roadway engineering. 5) The tape tensioning device according to site conditions, set in the machine head, the engine department, or the middle of the Ministry of Depending on the length of the belt conveyor, conveyor and layout needs, you can worm volume simply tensioning device tensioning winches tensioning device or hydraulic tensioning device for the timely adjustment of the tape tension.

Molecular Functions of Secondary Targets

Molecular Functions of Secondary Targets Kasun Ratnayake Identifying the relationship between molecular functions of secondary targets and side effects of drugs Abstract Small molecule drugs can involve in unidentified secondary targets other than its primary target in vivo1. The specific binding interactions should be studied in order to identify the potential effects on certain drugs which are administered1. The identification of secondary targets of a drug could help to solve the possible mechanism of actions which are ambiguous. The characterization and identifying the molecular functions of the off targets can be done using various techniques. Olaparib and veliparib are used as anti-cancer drugs to treat ovarian and breast cancers. Both of these drugs are PARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) inhibitors. In the study Veliparib is used as the model drug to investigate its secondary targets. Veliparib is in phase 2 clinical studies and found to have less side effects compared to Olaparib which is also a PARP inhibitor. Veliparib has side effects such as nausea, vomiting, dehydration, fatigue, white blood cell count decreased, hypotension, haemoglobin decreased, pyrexia, neutropenia, pneumonia, anaemia etc. Olaparib has side effects such as somnolence, fatigue, nausea, thrombocytopenia, loss of appetite etc. according to previous clinical studies. The side effects could be related to the number of secondary targets of a certain drug. If number of secondary targets of a drug is less, then it is more efficient than a drug having higher number of secondary targets for the same enzyme to be inhibited. Therefore this study could lead to find out more efficient drugs for the same disease. In the proposal, trans-cyclooctene (TCO) tagging is used with drugs to efficiently pull down the proteins. Tetrazine beads could be used to have bioorthogonal complementary reaction. A drug Veliparib which is an inhibitor of PARP (poly ADP ribose polymerase) is used as a model system to investigate protein targets. Previous studies on drug olaparib could be used to compare with the results of this drug, velaparib and identify the most effective drug to inhibit PARP with minimum number of secondary protein targets. The properties of these protein targets are identified and it is then compared to identify whether there is a relationship between the side effects of drugs and their molecular functions of the proteins. This characterization could lead to understand the mechanism of action of these drugs on different protein targets and can be used to develop more effective drugs. Also the development of new drugs with fewer side effects can improve the quality of the drugs. Specific aim Ovarian and breast cancers are some of widely distributed cancer types among people. These cancers are occurred due to the mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 human genes.5 The identification of the off target proteins can be done using two cell lines which has been used in previous studies. Ewing’s sarcoma and A2780 ovarian cancer cell lines are used because of its relation to PARP.1 The long term goal of this study will be the identification of the new potential drugs having fewer side effects for various diseases. The long term goal could be achieved by identifying the molecular functions of the secondary targets and further analysis. The short term goal would be the identification of potential anti-cancer drugs with less number of side effects. The hypothesis for the study would be that comparing the side effects with the molecular functions of the protein targets could lead to understand the mechanism of action of the drug. Further studies could be done to analyze these protein targets for different drugs. Rationale of the study can be concluded such that higher number of possible secondary targets for a certain drug could lead to more side effects. For example, if Olaparib has less number of secondary targets than that of Veliparib, then by characterizing these protein targets according to their molecular functions could tell us that there are fewer side eff ects for Olaparib with compared to Veliparib. Specific aim 1: To determine the number of secondary targets of Veliparib, characterize and compare them with that of Olaparib; interpret and relate the data to identify the side effects. The protein targets of Veliparib and Olaparib are determined using bioorthogonal approach combined with SDS-PAGE and Mass spectrometric analysis. The protein targets are then categorized according to their molecular functions and compared with side effects of the drugs. B. Significance section B1. Cancer Cancer is a disease caused due to the unwanted cell growth6. This abnormal cell multiplication can cause to grow tumors and can be spread throughout the body (figure 1). The tumors can be benign or malignant due to uncontrolled spreading of these masses or lumps. Mechanism of cancers is not yet positively identified. Various drugs have been developed to treat different types of cancers.6 B2. PARP PARP (Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) is an enzyme involves in DNA repair mechanism in living systems.1, 4 There are several mechanisms which are involved when DNA is damaged or mutated. The cell will be survived if the repair mechanism is successful and if it’s not the cell would die. The cancer type cells are formed after the cell death. PARP is playing a major role in the DNA repair mechanism. When a DNA is damaged PARP is activated on the damaged site of the DNA and involves with other proteins to furbish the DNA (figure2). It is important to study the mechanism of PARP because it involves in formation of cancer cells. The inhibition of PARP could lead to alter the DNA repair mechanism and hence it could prevent the formation of cancer cells. B3. Veliparib and Olaparib Veliparib (figure 3) is a small molecule drug which is developed to treat breast and ovarian cancer. It is a PARP inhibitor. Veliparib has successfully undergone phase 1 clinical trials and currently involving in phase 2 clinical trials2. Various number of side effects are reported for Veliparib according to the studies3. Olaparib (figure 4) is a pharmaceutical drug developed to treat ovarian and breast cancer. It is said to be inhibit PARP and involved in slowing down the growth of cancer cells. Olaparib is reported to have started its phase 3 clinical trials. Recent findings show that it has fewer side effects than the other similar drugs which are used as anti-cancer drugs involved as PARP inhibitors. B4. This proposal Previous studies have been done with â€Å"Olaparib†.1,4 The Weissleder group has identified possible secondary protein targets of Olaparib and has characterized them. They have done a DNA relaxation assay to identify the drug binding affinity of drug with TOP2A, an identified secondary target protein which is involved in DNA unwinding activity in transcription. The DNA unwinding activity is not affected by the drug Olaparib. Yet, it is important to do molecular function studies for other identified secondary targets to determine whether there is any correlation with side effect of the drug and molecular functions of the secondary targets. In this proposal Veliparib is used as the model drug and the number of secondary targets of Veliparib could be found according to bioorthogonal approach which is used in previous studies. The potential secondary target proteins then identified using different techniques such as SDS-PAGE, Liquid chromatograpy and Mass spectroscopy. The experiments are done with the characterized protein targets and possible molecular functions are identified which could be related to side effects of the certain drug. Characterization of off target protein would be done for both Velaparib and Olaparib. The molecular functions and its relativeness with side effects of both drugs may be compared. It can be hypothesized that, the drug having less number of secondary targets is more efficient with fewer side effects than a drug having higher number of secondary targets which could lead to have more side effects. C. Innovation The comparison of number of secondary targets of drug can lead to investigate the side effects of that drug. The more efficient drug would be the one with less number of secondary targets. The clinical data bases could be used to get reliable patient records for analyzing the side effects. To achieve the goal prior work should be done to identify off targets of Veliparib and Olaparib using bioorthogonal approach. Further studies could be done in vitro and in vivo to analyzed the effects of these drugs. D. Research Plan D1. Specific aim 1: To determine the number of secondary targets of Veliparib and compare them with that of Olparib; interpret and relate the data to identify the side effects. D1.a. Rationale Olparib has been used in phase 3 clinical studies to treat prostate and breast cancer and more side effects have identified. It has higher number of possible secondary targets according to previous work (table 1)1. Veliparib has also been used in phase 2 clinical trials but lesser number of side effects has been reported. If Veliparib has less number of side effects then it should have less number of secondary targets than Olaparib. Methods 1. Synthesis of drug conjugates and cleavable linker The drug conjugates will be synthesized for both Olaparib and Velaparib. These drugs would contain bioorthogonal functionalities that can be used to effectively pull down the primary and secondary targets of a cell lysate. MHH-ES1 Ewing’s sarcoma and A2780 cell lines will be used here based on the previous studies. The cleavable linker could be synthesized using tetrazine functionality for bioorthogonal pulldown of TCO-drug from cell lysates. 2. Bioorthogonal pulldown of protein targets and characterization Bioorthogonal approach will be done to selectively pulldown the protein targets of TCO-modified Veliparib and Olaparib. Streptavidin magnetic beads decorated with synthesized cleavable linker is used for target pulldown. SDS-PAGE analysis will be done to identify the primary and secondary targets of Veliparib and olaparib. LC-MS/MS analysis is done to characterize the identified protein targets from cell lysates. The expected results are as follows according to previous studies.1 3. Comparison of the side effects of with the molecular functions : Olaparib vs Velaparib For both cell lines (OV and ES: refer table 1), AP2 complex and 60S ribosomal protein (RL4) will be expected to pulled down as secondary targets for both Veliparib and Olaparib. Further studies will be done to identify the effects of drugs on these proteins as a preliminary study. Relaxtion assays, immunoprecipitation assays, etc. can be done for those proteins. Then the relationship between their molecular function and side effects of the drugs could be co-related. Alternative hypothesis The side effects of a certain pharmaceutical drug can be caused due to many factors. It might not mainly due to the secondary protein targets of that drug. It might be due to alteration in physiological conditions of the biological system. The drug binding interaction with certain metal elements could be a possible factor in some diseases. The alterations in RNA and DNA binding interaction could also be lead to side effects of a drug. Therefore, understanding such changes in biological system could lead to new strategies for drug designing processes. Future directions There are various kinds of drugs which used as PARP inhibitors. A complete set of data would be needed to identify and characterize the secondary targets of those drugs. The most effective drug for cancer treatment could be identified based on that data. The methods which have been applied to identify these protein targets could be developed for other pharmaceutical drugs as well. It will define a new approach to compare the side effect of a specific drug with molecular functions of its secondary target proteins. References Yang et al, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2013, 52, 10593-10597 A Phase 1 Study of Chronically-Dosed, Single-Agent ABT-888 in Patients With Either BRCA 1/2 -Mutated Cancer; Platinum-Refractory Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Primary Peritoneal Cancer; or Basal-Like Breast Cancer  (http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00892736) http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/search/view?cdrid=579626version=healthprofessional Curr Probl Cancer. , 2011, 35(1): 7–50. Ford, Deborah, et al., The American Journal of Human Genetics, 1998, 62, 676-689. Miller et al, Reporting results of cancer treatment, Cancer, 1981, 47(1), 207-214. http://www.medicalook.com/Cancer/ http://healthinfoispower.wordpress.com/2010/11/17/

What is a Ring-giver? :: Definition Ring Giver Essays

What is a Ring-giver? Those who’ve been asked for the definition of a ring-giver have answered with a dumbfounded facial expression, â€Å"Does it have anything to do with the movie Lord of the Rings?" Or others might simply think that the word "ring-giver" basically means a person who gives out rings. This word can be considered a vague term because it might sound like it has one implication, but in fact, it actually has a deeper meaning. During the Anglo-Saxon period, the word "ring-giver" is also labeled as a kenning, which is an extended metaphor. It simply turns ‘ring’ into a metaphorical term. The word â€Å"ring-giver† really means the king or overlord. However, there is more to the definition. The soldiers, or men who returned home from fighting for their king or land, would receive valuable charms from the king or overlord, such as arm-rings or neck-rings. In this case, the king is known as the ‘ring-giver’ because he distributes priceless gold only to those bold men. In other words, ring-givers distribute wealth for special purposes. The arm-rings and neck-rings distributed by the ring-giver are a reward for warriors’ enormous courage and strength. The brave heroes, who show off their arm-rings and neck-rings in public, eventually make the others jealous of their courage and values. Therefore, the heroes guard these precious jewels with their life. In Beowulf, edited by Joseph E. Tuso, the epic begins with a depiction of the good king -- Scyld. Scyld and his son, Beow, are known as the ring-givers in Beowulf: â€Å"a young man ought by his good deeds, by giving splendid gifts [†¦], to make sure that later in his life beloved companions will stand by him, that people will serve him when war comes† (1). As the epic continues, we note that when Scyld dies, he is sent out to his death to his burial by water, in a â€Å"ring-prowed ship† (Tuso 1). He is provided with many great treasures in his voyage into the sea. In other words, Scyld’s death, his going down into the horizon, will be countered by the repeated pattern, which means that his son, Beow, will take over for him and live again in recognition. Beow brings people close to him, ready to tell his story, by his gifts, especially the gifts of the rings. Scyld and Beow are not the only two ring-givers in Beowulf.

Electricity doesn’t grow on trees. It falls from the sky. :: Essays Papers

Electricity doesn’t grow on trees. It falls from the sky. Beginning in the 1930’s and up until the present day British Petroleum has been a major stakeholder in the oil industry. Needless to say it has played a considerable role in bringing Earth to the environmental crisis it now faces, specifically regarding the alarming and harmful rise of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Today’s societies tend to be characterized by their greedy corporations and their disconnection from the natural world. These factors can leave one with a disheartening sentiment as well as a pessimistic stance on the future state of the earth. Somewhere in the midst of all the gloom a tiny ray of hope beams down from the sky. A new wave of business is taking its first steps across our nations, one built on the stones of social and environmental responsibility. British Petroleum is proud to be one of these corporations, dedicating a significant amount of effort toward the global endeavor to clean up our environment. BP, one of the world’s largest energy users, is leading the way in the movement to reduce carbon emissions. â€Å"In 1998, BP set a target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 10% by the year 2010. On the 11th of March 2002, BP Chief Executive Lord Browne stated BP met its targets eight years early despite growing production, and at no net cost to the company.† (bpenergy.com) BP intends to hold its current net greenhouse emissions despite its plans for significant growth. BP ensures this growth will be sustainable and even 10% below the level of emissions in 1990. (bpenergy.com) BP’s success is due to efforts to consume energy more efficiently, for example the promotion and implementation of cogeneration power. These are very efficient power installations that generate electricity and utilize heat by pumping it back into the operator’s plant- a very cost effective method. BP is not only becoming more energy efficient in regards to oil but it has also extended itself into the renewable energy field by developing a wider range of cleaner energies for its customers. They are devoted to â€Å"researching, investing, and building a material and alternative energy business with a focus on wind, hydrogen, and solar† power (bp.com). With regard to wind, BP is making investments to produce low impact, clean energy solutions. They have been working on a partnership to build and run a wind farm at the Nerefco oil refinery in the Netherlands.

Reflection and Personal Development Plan

Personal development (PDP) can be defined as â€Å"enabling people to fulfil their potential, to expand their talents and to progress at work and through life with meaning and satisfaction. † (Guirdham, 1995:116). PDP is likely to be an essential tool for development, and helps in the planning of basic strategies require to evaluate and enhance own capabilities. Evaluating personal capability entails reviewing personal qualities like the strengths and weaknesses in various areas of learning. The PDP will help me tackle the areas where weakness was seen in the learning process and ensure the areas of strength are maintained at high levels.The aim of this essay is to give a reflective account of my experience of personal development. I chose to critically reflect on ‘teamwork' and ‘leadership' skills, as not only were these skills some of the essential skills I undertook in my previous job, but these skills are also required for my future development and career prosp ect.In order to examine the factors that enhance or impede the achievement of my chosen skills, I undertook a SWOT analysis to examine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats that affect me, the work environment and I also consider the wider influencing factors.Though we learn from experience, PDP enables us to get into the habit of frequently recording that learning as well as thinking about how it could be applied in the future. Personal development (PDP) can be defined as â€Å"enabling people to fulfil their potential, to expand their talents and to progress at work and through life with meaning and satisfaction. † (Guirdham, 1995:116). PDP is likely to be an essential tool for development, and helps in the planning of basic strategies require to evaluate and enhance own capabilities.Evaluating personal capability entails reviewing personal qualities like the strengths and weaknesses in various areas of learning. The PDP will help me tackle the areas where weakn ess was seen in the learning process and ensure the areas of strength are maintained at high levels.The aim of this essay is to give a reflective account of my experience of personal development. I chose to critically reflect on ‘teamwork' and ‘leadership' skills, as not only were these skills some of the essential skills I undertook in my previous job, but these skills are also required for my future development and career prospect.In order to examine the factors that enhance or impede the achievement of my chosen skills, I undertook a SWOT analysis to examine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats that affect me, the work environment and I also consider the wider influencing factors. Though we learn from experience, PDP enables us to get into the habit of frequently recording that learning as well as thinking about how it could be applied in the future.